The Japan Atomic Energy Commission puts the country’s plutonium stockpile at 44.3 tons, an extraordinary figure for a nation without nuclear weapons. With its nuclear power industry all but shut down since the Fukushima meltdowns, Japan’s nuclear recycling program that includes burning processed mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel–which contains plutonium extracted from conventional spent nuclear fuel– is also stalled, causing plutonium supplies to lurch upward. Nine tons are in Japan and the rest in Britain and France, where spent fuel from Japan has been reprocessed. After being halted since March 2011, shipment of 20 MOX fuel assemblies–which contain about 900 kilograms of plutonium–from the French port of Cherbourg began in April as two specialized cargo vessels (one carrying the fuel in a 6.2-meter-long metal container that weighed 100 tons) traveled together under heavy guard along a secret route to Takahama, arriving at the end of this month.
Using MOX is not commercially viable–it costs seven to eight times more than conventional uranium fuel–but is now the main option for recycling. The other possibility, using the fast-breeder reactor at Monju, is on indefinite hold after 30 tortuous years of development.
Because it takes only 4 to 8 kilograms of weapons-grade plutonium to make a bomb, international organizations strongly discourage such stockpiles. The Japanese lode is equivalent to about 5000 Nagasaki-type bombs.
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Essentially, Japan (meaning, ultimately, Japanese consumers) must now pay for an economically grotesque system of recycling one of the most dangerous substances on the planet as it accumulates much faster than it can be disposed. Some 14,200 tons of conventional spent fuel are also piling up with no place to go at nuclear plants around Japan. This will continue to be the case even if the safety of nuclear reactors were not an issue.